Only the Sudanese truly understand the unique realities and challenges of living in their environment and are qualified to offer the solutions for lasting peace.
Sudan needs a Sudanese solution.
Source: Africa Live opinion piece by Kristen on Tuesday, March 3 2009:
Reflections on Sudan, Bashir and the ICC
The International Criminal Court ("ICC") is due to decide this week whether it will issue a warrant for the arrest and prosecution of Sudanese President Omar al-Bashir for war crimes and crimes against humanity committed in Darfur. Bashir is accused as being leader of the government responsible for arming and training the janjaweed militia and ordering them to attack members of the Fur, Masalit and Zaghawa tribes in Darfur. Bashir’s pretext for the attacks has always been ‘counterinsurgency’: he claims that the measures are part of a campaign to defend the country against Darfuri rebel groups who took up arms against the Sudanese government in 2003. The Prosecutor of the ICC, Luis Moreno-Ocampo, calls it genocide.
In the six months since the Prosecutor first made his Public Application for issue of the warrant the level of political and media attention surrounding the decision has reached colossal levels. The international and diplomatic community is acutely divided over whether Bashir should be arrested and tried, or alternatively, whether the United Nations Security Council should use its powers under Article 16 to defer the ICC prosecution in the hope of encouraging peace negotiations.
DEBATING THE INDICTMENT
The decision is undoubtedly one of great consequence and significance. If as expected the ICC authorizes the indictment, it will be the first such action taken by the court (or any similar legal entity) against a serving head of state. Arguments in support of the warrant and the proceedings against Bashir include:
(1) his leading role in coordinating the attacks against civilians: according to Human Rights Watch, Bashir played a pivotal role in mobilizing the janjaweed, has most likely ordered all major aerial bombardments, and is the driving force behind the government’s overall "ethnic cleansing" policy. According to the Prosecutor of the ICC, he is the master of the government’s genocidal plan and is using the entire state apparatus to put it into effect.
(2) the unlikely success of current peace negotiations: opponents of the ICC proceedings protest that the issue of the arrest warrant will likely shatter the fragile peace process, which had some limited success recently with a declaration of intent being signed between the government and the main rebel group. Supporters respond that neither Bashir nor his government have ever been serious about settlement talks and have broken agreements many times in the past.
(3) a deferral would set a dangerous precedent: deferring the proceedings on the pretext of encouraging a peace deal would send a message to other would-be targets of the ICC that justice can be bargained and criminal prosecution avoided through political manipulation.
Britain, France and the US support the ICC process and are against a deferral of the proceedings. The African Union (AU), Arab League, Organisation of the Islamic Conference, and the Group of 77 developing countries and China, support deferral of the proceedings, claiming that:
(1) an indictment would destroy chances of peace: in addition to the recent declaration of intent, the Sudanese and the international community are in the process of implementing the Comprehensive Peace Agreement ("CPA") signed in January 2005 which ended the second civil war. Although frustrated by the government’s obstinacy and in need of renewed international support, it represents Sudan’s best chance for enduring peace. The indictment could lead the government to suspend implementation of the CPA and abandon the current Darfur negotiations. The government has indicated that the security of the UN peacekeeping force in Sudan could also be threatened.
(2) Western double standards: amongst developing nations and especially in Africa, the ICC is increasingly being seen as a post-colonial tool used by rich Western nations to pass judgment upon their poor third-world cousins. This perception is based mostly on the ICC’s case-load, which is currently focused entirely on Africa. It is not helped by the fact that the USA, one of the indictment’s most ardent supporters, has not even ratified the Rome Statute.
(3) the indictment cannot be fulfilled: even if authorized, there is very little chance that Bashir will be handed over to the court in the near future, as such an act would require the cooperation of the government of Sudan. This would leave the ICC with another outstanding arrest warrant (the warrant against Joseph Kony in Uganda being also unfulfilled) damaging its credibility and its capacity to effectively carry out its mission.
DEBATING THE ISSUES
Notwithstanding all this very worthy academic debate, indicting Bashir alone will not solve Darfur’s problems. It is not a substitute for a comprehensive political and military solution to the current crisis, and does not liberate the Sudanese and international community from the much more difficult task of understanding the factors driving the conflict and seeking an effective strategy for managing them. These factors include:
(1) allocation of scarce resources: although the conflict began as response to a rebel insurgency, it has continued as an extension of a complex dispute over resources in a land which, due to desertification and other factors, has increasingly little. The lack of resources has been exacerbated by inefficient and corrupt government agricultural policies favouring commercial elites and dispossessing small rural farmers. Any long-term solution will require an understanding of how Darfuris use their limited resources and finding ways to use them more efficiently and equitably.
(2) reforming the Sudanese government: in the unlikely event that Bashir is arrested, it is most likely that he would be replaced by another hardliner, such as the second vice-president Ali Osman Taha or presidential adviser Nafie Ali Nafie. Both of these men have been as, if not more, responsible for the government’s genocidal policies. Enduring peace will require a thorough purging of all such ideologues from the Sudanese government and a dismantling of the entire war apparatus.
(3) disarming the rebels: a workable ceasefire will require the comprehensive disarming of rebel groups on both sides of the dispute. Attacks on civilians are now frequently committed by random gangs of janjaweed outside the government’s control. There are also significant divisions among the various rebel groups fighting Khartoum, and so far only one such group (the Justice and Equality Movement) has been brought into the current peace deal. A settlement will need to embrace all the different rebel movements and provide a timetable for disarmament. According to British researcher and author of the blog "Making Sense of Darfur", Alex de Waal, such a process could take between six and nine months.
These issues will remain at the heart of the conflict whether or not the ICC authorizes the indictment. Its decision in this regard is certainly important, but it should not be allowed to overshadow resolution of these matters. In the current debate, it seems that is the case.
Nor should the current debate obscure the fact that the Sudanese, with appropriate assistance from the international community, must be at the forefront of any resolution of the conflict. Only the Sudanese truly understand the unique realities and challenges of living in their environment and are qualified to offer the solutions for lasting peace. To quote de Waal:
"What I am looking for—and not finding—is a political strategy for solving Sudan’s political problems... Putting faith in international salvation is never a strategy and is always a mistake… Sudan needs a Sudanese solution… I don’t believe that Sudanese can afford to spend 2009 focusing on anything other than finding a consensus on the future of the nation."
On its own, the ICC is an inadequate response to this complex and urgent situation. In addition to dealing with Bashir, efforts should be urgently focused on dealing with the war apparatus and economy he has helped create and understanding the real issues driving the conflict. The people of Darfur do not have time to wait.
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